Pierce A. Paul

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Pierce A. Paul

Professor. Cereal Pathology, Epidemiology

paul.661@osu.edu

(330) 263-3842

Office:

115 Selby Hall, Wooster

Professional Information

Degrees & Credentials:

PhD Plant Pathology, Iowa State University

MS Plant Pathology, Universidade Federal de Vicosa, Brazil

BS Agronomy, Universidade Federal de Vicosa, Brazil

Diploma, Agriculture Science, Guyana School of Agriculture, Guyana

Extension Specialization(s):

Cereal crops, integrated disease management (emphasis on wheat, corn, barley)

Biography:

(View publications under the "Works" tab)

My general interest is epidemiology and integrated management of plant diseases, with emphasis on understanding the basic biology and ecology of plant pathogens and the use of this information to develop disease management tools for practical application. I am particularly interested in the use of statistical and Paul Lab computer models to describe plant disease dynamics in the field and the use of these models to make disease management decisions based on risk assessment and disease prediction.

An understanding of the basic biology and ecology of plant pathogens is indispensable for effective disease management through disease prediction and risk assessment. Basic research has to be an ongoing process if we are to understand the effects of changing weather patterns, shifts in pathogen populations, genetic manipulation of crops, and changes in cropping practices on the appearance of new and resurgence of existing plant diseases.

I use statistical and computer models to describe the effects and anticipate possible consequences of these changes on disease development and crop yield. I would like to take advantage of modern statistical techniques, sophisticated computer technology, large weather database, and fast and efficient information delivery systems to development and use prediction and risk assessment models as decision-making tools in integrated disease management programs.

> Lab website

Honors and Awards

2016 - Syngenta Award (outstanding recent contributions to plant pathology) > American Phytopathological Society
2016 - Distinguished Junior Faculty Research Award > Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center
2008 - William Boright Hewitt and Maybelle Ellen Ball Hewitt Award (outstanding contributions towards plant disease control within 7 years of the PhD) > American Phytopathological Society

Teaching

I co-teach Diseases of Field Crops (PLNTPTH 5140) with Anne Dorrance, offered Autumn semesters.

Extension

Podcast Demonstrates How to Identify Wheat Growth Stages

Videos help wheat growers identify various stages of wheat growth and to know what management strategies can be used during each growth stage:

> Feekes Growth Stage 6
> Feekes Growth Stages 7 & 8
> Feekes Growht Stages 9 & 10
> Wheat Flowering Stage

Narrated presentation on Fusarium Head Blight (head scab) and how to measure head scab in the field by Pierce Paul and Dennis Mills > View presentation

Katelyn T. Willyerd, Pierce A. Paul, Peter Thomison and Dennis Mills were awarded a Certificate of Excellence in the Agronomy Society of America Educational Materials Awards Program for the OSU Extension fact sheet:

Gibberella Ear Rot and Mytotoxins in Corn: Sampling, Testing and Storage
< View pdf on Ohioline

View highlight piece featuring the Fusarium head blight risk assessment tool (pdf)

Professional Experience

Associate Professor, The Ohio State University, Plant Pathology, 2012 - present
Assistant Professor, The Ohio State University, Plant Pathology, 2006 - 2011
Research Scientist and Extension Specialist, The Ohio State University, Plant Pathology, 2005-2006
Postdoctoral Researcher, The Ohio State University, Plant Pathology, 2003-2005
Graduate Teaching Assistant, Iowa State University, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Department of Plant Pathology. Ames, Iowa, 2002
Phytosanitary Inspector, Iowa State University, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Department of Plant Pathology and Iowa Department of Agriculture. Ames, Iowa, 2000
Graduate Research Assistant, Iowa State University, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Department of Plant Pathology, Plant Pathology. Ames, Iowa, 1999 - 2003
Graduate Teaching Assistant, Universidade Federal de Vicosa, Cincias Agrrias, Departamento de Fitopathologia. Vicosa, Brazil, 1999
Graduate Research Assistant, Universidade Federal de Vicosa, Cincias Agrrias, Departamento de Fitopathologia. Vicosa, Brazil, 1997 - 1999
Undergraduate Research Assistant, Universidade Federal de Vicosa, Cincias Agrrias, Departamento de Fitopathologia. Vicosa, Brazil, 1995 - 1997

Works

Selected Recent Publications

Moraes, W. B., Madden, L. V., and Paul, P. A. 2021. Characterizing heterogeneity and determining sample sizes for accurately estimating wheat Fusarium head blight index in research plots. Phytopathology doi:10.1094/PHYTO-04-21-0157-R.
Dalla Lana, F., Madden, L. V., and Paul, P. A. 2021. Logistic models derived using Lasso methods for quantifying the risk of natural contamination of maize grain with deoxynivalenol. Phytopathology 111:2250-2267.
Mills, K. B., Salgado, J. D., Cruz, C. D., Valent, B., Madden, L. V., and Paul, P. A. 2021. Comparing the temporal development of wheat spike blast epidemics in a region of Bolivia where the disease is endemic. Plant Disease 105: 96-107.
F. Dalla Lana, L. V. Madden, and P. A. Paul. 2021. Natural Occurrence of Maize Gibberella Ear Rot and Contamination of Grain with Mycotoxins in Association with Weather Variables. Online :16 Nov 2020 https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-05-20-0952-RE
Dalla Lana, F., Paul, P. A., Minyo, R., Thomison, P., and Madden, L. V. 2020. Stability of hybrid maize reaction to Gibberella ear rot and deoxynivalenol contamination of grain. Phytopathology 110: 1908-1922.
Farinas, C, Jourdan, P, Paul, PA, Slot, JC, Daughtrey, ML, Devi Ganeshan, V, Baysal-Gurel, F, Peduto Hand, F. (2020). Phlox species show quantitative and qualitative resistance to a population of powdery mildew isolates from the Eastern United States. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 110(8): 1410–1418
Hodge, B. A., Paul, P. A., Stewart, L. R. Occurrence and high-throughput sequencing of viruses in Ohio wheat. Plant Disease. 2020:104(6):1789-1800.
Hodge, B. A., Paul, P. A., Stewart, L. R. Identification of a divergent isolate of rygrass mosaic virus in Ohio wheat. Microbiology Resource Announcements. 2020. DOI:10.1128/MRA.00451-20.
Madden, L. V., and Paul, P. A. 2020. Is disease intensity a good surrogate for yield loss or toxin contamination? A case study with Fusarium head blight of wheat. Phytopathology 110: 1632-1646.
Mills, K. B., Madden, L. V., and Paul, P.A. 2020. Quantifying the effects of temperature and relative humidity on the development of wheat blast incited by the Lolium pathotype of Magnapothe oryzae. Plant Disease 104: 2622-2633.
Simon, A. C. M., Lopez-Nicora, H. D., Ralston, T. I., Richer, E. A., Niblack, T. L., and Paul, P. A. 2020. First report of stunt nematode (Tylenchorhynchus annulatus) on corn in Ohio. Plant Dis. 104:2527.
Subedi, N., Taylor, C. G., Paul, P. A. and Miller, S. A. 2020. Combining partial host resistance with bacterial biocontrol agents improves outcomes for tomatoes infected with Ralstonia solanacearum. Crop Prot. 135:104776.
Kleczewski, N. M., Plewa, D. E., Bissonnette, K. M., Bowman, N. D., Byrne, J. M., LaForest, J., Dalla Lana, F., Malvick, D. K., Mueller, D. S., Chilvers, M. I., Paul, P. A., Raid, R. N., Robertson, A. E., Ruhl, G. E., Smith, D. L., and Telenko, D. E. P. 2020. Documenting the Establishment, Spread, and Severity of Phyllachora maydis on Corn, in the United States. J. Integr. Pest Manag. 11:1-5.
Valle-Torres, J., Ross, T. J., Plewa, D., Avellaneda, M. C., Check, J., Chilvers, M. I., Cruz, A. P., Dalla Lana, F., Groves, C., Gongora-Canul, C., Henriquez-Dole, L., Jamann, T., Kleczewski, N., Lipps, S., Malvick, D., McCoy, A. G., Mueller, D. S., Paul, P. A., Puerto, C., Schloemer, C., Raid, R. N., Robertson, A., Roggenkamp, E. M., Smith, D. L., Telenko, D. E. P., and Cruz, C. D. 2020. Tar Spot: An Understudied Disease Threatening Corn Production in the Americas. Plant Dis. 104: 2541-2550.
Lopez-Nicora, H. D., Carr, J. K., Paul, P. A., Dorrance, A. E., Ralston, T. I., Williams, C. A., and Niblack, T. L. 2020. Evaluation of the combined effect of Heterodera glycines and Macrophomina phaseolina on soybean yield in naturally infested fields with spatial regression analysis and in greenhouse studies. Phytopathology 110:406-417.
Lindsey, L., Goodwin, A., Harrison, S. Paul, P. A. 2020. Optimum seeding rate and stand assessment of soft red winter wheat. Agronomy Journal 112: 4069-4075.
Anderson, N. R., Freije, A. N., Bergstrom, G. C., Bradley, C. A., Cowger, C., Faske, T., Hollier, C., Kleczewski, N., Padgett, G. B., Paul, P. A., Price, T., and Wise, K. A. 2020. Sensitivity of Fusarium graminearum to metconazole and tebuconazole fungicides before and after widespread use in wheat in the United States. Plant Health Progress 21:85-90.
Testen, A. L., Bosques Martinez, M., Jimenez Madrid, A., Deblais, L., Paul, P. A., Taylor, C. G., and Miller, S. A. 2020. On-farm evaluations of anaerobic soil disinfestation and grafting for management of a widespread soilborne disease complex in protected culture tomato production. Phytopathology. Online Nov 2020: doi/10.1094/PHYTO-07-20-0288-R.
Bernardo, P., Frey, T. S., Barriball, K., Paul, P. A., Willie, K., Mezzalama, M., Kimani, Mugambi, C., Wangai, A., Prasanna, B. M., and Redinbaugh, M. G. 2020. Detection of Diverse Maize Chlorotic Mottle Virus Isolates in Maize Seed. Plant Dis. 104: Online Dec 2020. org/doi/10.1094/PDIS-07-20-1446-SR.
Edwards Molina, J. P., Paul, P. A., Amorim, L., da Silva, L. H. C. P., Siqueri, F. V., Borges, E. P., Campos, H. D., Venancio, W. S., Meyer, M. C., Martins, M. C., Balardin, R. S., Carlin, V. J., Grigolli, J. F. J., de R. Belufi, L. M. and Godoy, C. V. 2019. Effect of target spot on soybean yield and factors affecting this relationship. Plant Pathol. 68:107-115.
Shah, D. A., De Wolf, E., Paul, P. A., and Madden, L. V. 2019. Functional data analysis of weather variables linked to Fusarium head blight epidemics in the United States. Phytopathology 109:96-110.
Dalla Lana, F., Paul, P. A., Godoy, C. V., Utiamada, C. M., da Silva, L. H. C. P., Siqueri, F. V., Forcelini, C. A., de Souza Jaccoud-Filho, D., Miguel-Wruck, D. S., Borges, E. P., Juliatti, F. C.,
Campos, H. D., Nunes Jr., J., Carneiro, L. C., Canteri, M. G., Ito, M. F., Meyer, M. C., Martins, M. C., Balardin, R. S., Furlan, S. H., Carlin, V. J., and Del Ponte, E. M. 2018. Meta-analytic modeling of the decline in performance of fungicides for managing soybean rust after a decade of use in Brazil. Plant Dis. 102:807-817.
Hodge, B. A., Paul, P. A., and Stewart, L. R. 2018. First report of cocksfoot mottle virus infecting wheat (Triticum aestivum) in Ohio. Plant Dis. 102:464.
Hodge, B. A., Paul, P. A., and Stewart, L. R. 2018. Agropyron mosaic virus detected in Ohio wheat (Triticum aestivum). Plant Dis. 102:463.
Esker, P. D., Shah, D. A., Bradley, C. A., Conley, S. P., Paul, P. A. and Robertson, A. E. 2018. Perceptions of Midwestern crop advisors and growers on foliar fungicide adoption and use in maize. Phytopathology 108:1078-1088.
Testen, A. L., Mamiro, D. P., Nahson, J., Mtui, H. D., Paul, P. A., and Miller, S. A. 2018. Integrating ethnophytopathological knowledge and field surveys to improve tomato disease management in Tanzania Canadian J. Plant Pathol. 40:22-33.
Goodwin, A. W., Lindsey, L. E., Harrison, S. K. and Paul, P. A. 2018. Estimating wheat yield with normalized difference vegetation index and fractional green canopy cover. Crop, Forage and Turfgrass Management 4:1-6.
Simon, A. C. M., Lopez-Nicora, H. D., Lindsey, L., Niblack, T. L., and Paul, P. A. 2018. Incidence, population density, and spatial heterogeneity of plant-parasitic nematodes in corn fields in Ohio. Plant Dis. 102:2453-2464
Paul, P. A., Bradley, C. A., Madden, L. V., Dalla Lana, F., Bergstrom, G. C., Dill-Macky, R., Wise, K. A., Esker, P., McMullen, M. P., Grybauskas, A., Kirk, W., Milus, E. A., and Ruden, K. 2018. Effects of pre- and post-anthesis applications of demethylation inhibitor fungicides on Fusarium head blight and deoxynivalenol in spring and winter wheat. Plant Dis. 102:2500-2510.
Simon, A. C. M., Lopez-Nicora, H. D., Niblack, T. L., Dayton, E., Tomashefski, D., and Paul, P. A. 2018. Cropping practices and soil properties associated with plant-parasitic nematodes in corn fields in Ohio. Plant Dis. 102:2519-2530.
Paul, P. A., Bradley, C. A., Madden, L. V., Dalla Lana, F., Bergstrom, G. C., Dill-Macky, R., Esker, P., Wise, K. A., McMullen, M. P., Grybauskas, A., Kirk, W., Milus, E. A., and Ruden, K. 2018. Meta-analysis of the effects of QoI and DMI fungicide combinations on Fusarium head blight and deoxynivalenol in wheat. Plant Dis. 102:2602-2615.
Paul, P. A., Salgado, J. D., Bergstrom, G. C., Bradley, C., Byamukama, E., Byrne, A. M., Chapara, V., Cummings, J. A., Chilvers, M. I., Dill-Macky, R., Friskop, A. J., Kleczewski, N. M., Madden, L. V., Nagelkirk, M., Stevens, J., Smith, M., Wegulo, S. N., Wise, K. A., and Yabwalo, D. 2019. Integrated effects of genetic resistance and prothioconazole + tebuconazole application timing on Fusarium head blight in wheat. Plant Dis. 103:223-237.
Edwards Molina, J. P., Paul, P. A., Amorim, L., da Silva, L. H. C. P., Siqueri, F. V., Borges, E. P., Campos, H. D., Nunes Jr., J., Meyer, M. C., Martins, M. C., Balardin, R. S., Carlin, V. J., Grigolli, J. F. J., de R. Belufi, L. M. and Godoy, C. V. 2019. Meta‐analysis of fungicide efficacy on soybean target spot and cost–benefit assessment. Plant Pathol. 68:94-106.
Hodge, B. A., Salgado, J. D., Paul, P. A., and Stewart, L. R. 2018. Characterization of an Ohio isolate of Brome Mosaic Virus and its impact on the development and yield of soft red winter wheat. Plant Dis. https://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/pdf/10.1094/PDIS-07-18-1282-RE.
Rios, JA; Rios, VS; Paul, PA; Souza, MA; Neto, LBMC; Rodrigues, FA. 2017. Effects of blast on components of wheat physiology and grain yield as influenced by fungicide treatment and host resistance. Plant Pathology 66:877-889.
Huzar-Novakowiski, J; Paul, PA; Dorrance, AE. 2017. Host Resistance and Chemical Control for Management of Sclerotinia Stem Rot of Soybean in Ohio. Phytopathology 107:937-949.
Salgado, JD; Lindsey, L; Paul, PA. 2017. Effects of Row Spacing and Nitrogen Rate on Wheat Grain Yield and Profitability as Influenced by Diseases. 101:1998-2011. Editor's Pick.
Savary, S; Djurle, A; Yuen, J; Ficke, A; Rossi, V; Esker, PD ; Fernandes, JMC; Del Ponte, EM; Kumar, J; Madden, LV; Paul, P; McRoberts, N; Singh, PK; Huber, L; de Vallavielle, CP; Saint-Jean, S; Willocquet, L. 2017. A White Paper on Global Wheat Health Based on Scenario Development and Analysis. Phytopathology 107: 1109-1122.
Hodge B, Paul PA, Stewart LR. Agropyron mosaic virus detected in Ohio wheat (Triticum aestivum). Plant Disease Note (2018) 102(2):463.
Hodge, B, Paul, PA, Stewart, LR. First report of Cocksfoot mottle virus infecting wheat (Triticum aestivum) in Ohio. Plant Disease Note (2018) 102(2):464.
Madden LV, Piepho HP, Paul PA. 2016. Statistical Models and Methods for Network Meta-Analysis. Phytopathology.
Anderson, K.F., Madden, L.V., and Paul, P.A. "Fusarium head blight development and deoxynivalenol accumulation in wheat as influenced by post-anthesis moisture patterns" Phytopathology (2015) 105: 210 - 219.
Mallowa, S. O., Esker, P. D., Paul, P. A., Bradley, C. A., Chapara, V. R., Conley, S. P. and Robertson, A. E. "Effect of maize hybrid and foliar fungicides on yield under low foliar disease severity conditions." Phytopathology (2015) 105: 1080 - 1089.
Moreira, E. N., Vale, F. X. R., Paul, P. A., Rodrigues, F. A., and Jesus Junior, W. C. "Temporal dynamics of soybean rust associated with leaf area index in soybean cultivars of different maturity groups." Plant Dis. (2015) 99(2): 1216 - 1226.
Salgado, J.D., Madden, L.V., and Paul, P.A. "Quantifying the effects of Fusarium head blight on grain yield and test weight in soft red winter wheat." Phytopathology (2015) 105: 295 - 306.
Schisler, D. A., Boehm, M. J., Paul, P. A., Rooney, A. P., and Dunlap, C.A. "Reduction of Fusarium head blight using prothioconazole and prothioconazole-tolerant variants of the Fusarium head blight antagonist Cryptococcus flavescens OH 182.9." Biological Control (2015) 86: 36 - 45.
Willyerd, K.T., Bradley, C.A., Chapara, V., Conley, S.P., Esker, P.D., Madden, L.V., Wise, K.A., and Paul, P.A. "Revisiting fungicide-based management guidelines for leaf blotch diseases in soft red winter wheat." Plant Disease (2015) 99: 1434 - 1444.
Zhang, X.-F., Guo, J., Zhang, X., Meulia, T., Paul, P., Madden, L.V., Li, D., and Qu, F. "Random plant viral variants attain temporal advantages during systemic infections and in turn resist other variants of the same virus" Scientific Reports (2015) 5: 15346 - .
Salgado JD, Madden, LV, Paul PA. 2014. Efficacy and Economics of Integrating In-Field and Harvesting Strategies to Manage Fusarium Head Blight of Wheat. Plant Disease 98:1407-1421 (pdf)
D'Angelo, Daisy, Bradley CA, Ames KA, Willyerd KT, Madden LV, and Paul PA. 2014. Efficacy of Fungicide Applications During and After Anthesis Against Fusarium Head Blight and Deoxynivalenol in Soft Red Winter Wheat. Plant Disease 98: 1387-1397 (pdf)
Andersen, KF, Morris L, Derksen RC, Madden LV, Paul PA. 2014. Rainfastness of Prothioconazole + Tebuconazole for Fusarium Head Blight and Deoxynivalenol Management in Soft Red Winter Wheat. Plant Disease 98:1398-1406
Stewart, Lucy; Paul, Pierce; Qu, Feng; Redinbaugh, Margaret G.; Miao, Hongqin; Todd, Jane; and Jones, Mark. Wheat mosaic virus (WMoV), the causal agent of High Plains disease, is present in Ohio wheat fields. Plant Disease 97:1125
Ellis Margaret L.; Paul Pierce A.; Dorrance Anne E.; Broders, Kirk D. 2012. Two new species of Pythium, P. schmitthenneri and P. selbyi pathogens of corn and soybean in Ohio. Mycologia 104(2): 477-487.
Kriss, A.B., Paul, P.A., and Madden, L.V. 2012. Characterizing heterogeneity of disease incidence in a spatial hierarchy: a case study from a decade of observations of Fusarium head blight of wheat." Phytopathology. Vol. 102: 867-877.
Kriss A. B.; Paul P. A.; Madden L. V.. 2012. Variability in Fusarium Head Blight Epidemics in Relation to Global Climate Fluctuations as Represented by the El Nino-Southern Oscillation and Other Atmospheric Patterns. Phytopathology 102(1): 55-64.
Kriss, A.B., Madden, L.V., Paul, P.A., and Xu, X. 2012. Heteroeneity of Fusarium head blight of wheat: Multi-scale distributions and temporal variation inrelation to environment. Plant Health Progress. July: 1-16.
Kriss, A.B., Paul, P.A., Xu, X., Nicholson, P., Doohan, F.M., Hornok, L., Rietini, A., Edwards, S.G., and Madden, LV. 2012. Quantification of the relationship between the environment and Fusarium head blight, Fusarium pathogen density,and mycotoxins in winter wheat in Europe. European Journal of Plant Pathology Vol. 133: 975-993.
Xu Xiulan; Rajashekara Gireesh; Paul Pierce A., Miller, SA. 2012. Colonization of Tomato Seedlings by Bioluminescent Clavibacter michiganensis subsp michiganensis Under Different Humidity Regimes. Phytopathology 102 (2): 177-184.
Salgado, J.D., Wallhead, M.W., Madden, L.V., and Paul, P.A. 2011. Grain harvesting strategies to minimize grain quality losses due to Fusarium head blight in wheat. Plant Disease 95(11): 1448-1457. Plant Disease Editor's Pick for November 2011.
Derksen, R., Paul, P., Ozkan, H, and Zhu, H. 2011. Field evaluations of application techniques and equipment for wheat disease management. Appl. Eng. Agric. (August)
Ellis, M.L., Broders, K.D., Paul, P.A., and Dorrance, A.E. 2011. Infection of soybean seed by Fusarium graminearum and effect of seed treatments on disease under controlled conditions. Plant Disease 95: 401-407.
Madden, L.V., and Paul, P.A. 2011. Meta-analysis for evidence synthesis in plant pathology: An overview. Phytopathology 101: 16-30.
Paul, P.A., Madden, L.V., Bradley, C.A., Robertson, A.E., Munkvold, G.P., Shaner, G., Wise, K.A., Malvick, D.K., Allen, T., Grybauskas, A., Vincelli, P., and Esker, P. 2011. Meta-analysis of yield reponse of hybrid field corn to foliar fungicides in the U.S. Corn Belt. Phytopathology 101: 1122-1132.
Sneller, C., Guttieri, M., Paul, P. A., Costa, J., and Jackwood, R. 2011. Variation for resistance to kernel infection and toxin accumulation in winter wheat infected with Fusarium graminearum. Phytopathology. (Accepted) DOI: 10.1094/PHYTO-05-11-0143.
Xu, X., Rajashekara, G., Paul, P. A. and Miller, S. A. 2011. Colonization of tomato seedlings by bioluminescent Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis under different humidity regimes. Phytopathology. Vol. 101. http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/loi/phyto. (Accepted)
Madden, L. V. and Paul, P. A. An assessment of mixed-modeling approaches for characterizing profiles of time-varying responses and predictor variables. 2010. Phytopathology 100(10):1015-29.
Ojiambo, P. S., Paul, P. A., and Holmes, G. J. A quantitative review of fungicide efficacy for managing downy mildew in cucurbits. Phytopathology. Vol. 100: 1066-1076.
Kriss, Alissa B., Pierce A. Paul and Laurence V. Madden. 2010. Relationship between yearly fluctuations in Fusarium Head Blight Intensity and Environmental Variouables: A wiondow-pane analysis. Phytopathology 100(8): 784-797.
Cruz, C.D., Mills, D., Paul, P., and Dorrance, A.E. Impact of brown spot caused by Septoria glycines on soybeans in Ohio. Plant Disease 94: 820-826.
Paul, P. A., Hershman, D. E., McMullen, M. A., and Madden, L. V. 2010. Effects of Triazole-based fungicides on wheat yields and test weights as influenced by Fusarium head blight intensity. Phytopathology. Vol. 100. (January): 160-171.
Sneller. C. H.; Paul. P. A.; Guttieri, M. 2010. Prevalence of resistance to Fusarium head blight in Eastern US soft red winter wheat. Crop Science. Vol. 50. (January): 123-133.

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